| Modal Verb | Substitute | Example |
|---|
| must | to have to | I must swim. = I have to swim. |
| must not | not to be allowed to | I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim. |
| can | to be able to | I can swim. = I am able to swim. |
| may | to be allowed to | I may swim. = I am allowed to swim. |
| need | to have to | I need to swim. = I have to swim. |
| need not | not to have to | I need not swim. = I don't have to swim. |
| shall / should/ ought to | to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to | I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim. |
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